The Summer of 1787

The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution is a nonfiction history book by American author David O. Stewart, first published in 2007. Focusing on the titular summer in the years after the American Revolution, it chronicles the attempt by many prominent figures in early American history to come together and draft a Constitution that would satisfy their varying interests and replace the weak Articles of Confederation. Profiling many of the key figures in post-Revolution America and detailing the debates and setbacks they faced, The Summer of 1787 explores themes of compromise, geographic and cultural differences, and the foundations of American democracy. It is considered one of the best modern explorations of the founding of the United States and is frequently used as a text in college history courses.

The Summer of 1787 is divided into 21 chapters and takes place between 1785—when the first draft of the Constitution was formed at Mount Vernon, George Washington’s Virginia home—and 1788, when the US Constitution officially took effect. The bulk of the book focuses on the Constitutional Convention, when delegates from the thirteen original colonies met in Philadelphia to create the Constitution. Along the way, there were many debates, setbacks, and conflicts, none more serious than that over slavery. The schism between the northern and southern states that would erupt into war less than a century later is the central issue of the book and drives many of the meetings and conflicts within. Stewart illustrates how the founders, many of whom were either opposed to or at least ambivalent towards slavery, were convinced to accept the three-fifths compromise, which was led by James Wilson of Pennsylvania and General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina. While abolitionists like Benjamin Franklin were unable to get anti-slavery wording or measures placed into the Constitution, they did limit the slave states’ power by classifying slaves for census purposes as only three-fifths of a person, thus not allowing slave states to pad their population and thus their representation in Congress.

Over the course of the debate on the Constitution, representatives from the thirteen original colonies brought their own states’ agendas to the table. While the major debate was over slavery, ongoing questions of trade, tariffs, borders, and the balance of power between the state and federal government frequently derailed negotiations. The threat of a state walking away and abandoning the union was always on the table, although no one at the table ever knew quite how serious the threats were. Southern states in particular held the power in the negotiations by threatening to back out, although Stewart questions just how serious these threats were— Georgia, the largest of the southern states, was bordered on both sides by the Creek Confederacy and the Spanish empire in Florida, while South Carolina suffered from severe economic distress and needed to import food. These states were not able to survive on their own, and Stewart is critical of the decision to cave to many of their demands in the final draft of the Constitution.

Stewart argues that the Constitutional Convention is the ultimate proof that good decision-making and politics in general should allow and even encourage participants to learn more about the issues and change their minds. Over the course of the convention, dozens of delegates switched sides on multiple issues, and the question of passage was up in the air until the final days. A rule was specifically added so that delegates could demand a decision be reconsidered after the convention approved it, and this was utilized frequently. Questions would be tabled and revisited at a later date, often with a new resolution. Ultimately, Ben Franklin shepherded the Constitution to a final form, and then came the final challenge of obtaining passage. He openly stated that there were parts of the Constitution that he didn’t approve of, but he believed it was not possible to make a better Constitution. Thomas Jefferson, who had been involved in the drafting of the Constitution, wanted to keep American democracy fluid and leave the door open for the Constitution to be revisited frequently. This was the genesis of the amendment process, which began with the addition of the Bill of Rights not long after ratification. The book ends with Stewart reflecting on how the Constitution has held up over two centuries later and the reforms necessary to keep it functioning smoothly in modern America.

David O. Stewart is an American lawyer and author best known for his historical narratives and historiographies. The author of five nonfiction books focusing on the founding fathers and Abraham Lincoln with a specific focus on the issues leading up to the Civil War and its aftermath, he released his first novel in 2013 and followed it up with two more installments in what is called the Deception series—conspiracy thrillers so far focused on John Wilkes Booth, the Paris Peace Conference, and Babe Ruth.